Cardiovascular Biomechanics and Ultrasound Laboratory
Imperial College London, Department of bioengineering

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	1
	Patents:
	1. Li Z, Yap CH, Millionis A, Poulikakos D. "Haemostatic Device, Haemostatic Coating Dispersion and Hydrophobic Surface." Singapore PCT Patent Application No. PCT/SG2020/050336, filed 13 July 2020 2. Li Z, Nguyen BL, Yap CH. "Hydrophobic Composite Materials, Methods and Uses Thereof." Singapore Patent Application No. 10201806940R, filed 16 Aug 2018. 3. Yap CH, Subramanian Shanmugasundaram P, Lee SY. "A Tri-Functional Portable Surface, With Passive-Warming, Pressure-Relieving and Fluid Adsorption Properties, To Provide Prolonged Physiological Warming In The Healthcare Setting." Singapore Patent Application #10201706185S, filed 28 July 2017. 4. Yap CH, Kim K. "Methods and Apparatus to Measure Constitutive Relations and Fiber Orientation of Soft Tissue." PCT Patent Application #WO 2014/138423, filed 2014. 5. Yap CH, Wei Q, Thiele K, Yoganathan AP. "Analysis of Mitral Regurgitation by Ultrasonic Imaging." US Patent Application 13/994,794, filed December 16, 2011 6. Yap CH, Wei Q, Thiele, K, Yoganathan AP. "Automated Identification of the Location of a Regurgitant Orifice of a Mitral Valve in an Ultrasound Image." US Patent Application 13/990,247, filed December 16, 2011 7. Yap CH, Wei Q, Thiele K, Yoganathan AP. "Analysis of Mitral Regurgitation from Slit Orifice by Ultrasonic Imaging." US Patent Application 13/991,551, filed December 15, 2011
	Publications:
	2024 1. Chan WX, Kaura A, Mulla A, Papadimitriou D, Glampson B, Mayer E, Shah AV, Mayet J, Yap CH. "Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of an Ejection Fraction Adjusted for Myocardial Remodeling." Front Cardiovasc Med. [accepted April 2024] 2. Green L, Chan WX, Tulzer A, Tulzer G, Yap CH. "Myocardial Biomechanics Effects of Fetal Aortic Valvuloplaty." Biomech Model Mechanobiol. [accepted April 2024] 3. Wang G, Zhou M, Ning X, Tiwari P, Zhu H, Yang G, Yap CH. "US2Mask: Image-to-mask generation learning via a conditional GAN for cardiac ultrasound image segmentation" Computers in Biology and Medicine. [epub March 2024, 108282] 4. Ren M, Chan WX, Green L, Buist ML, Yap CH. "Biventricular Finite Element Modelling of the Fetal Heart in Health and During Critical Aortic Stenosis." Biomech Model Mechanobiol [accepted Mar 2024] 5. Green L, Chan WX, Prakash I, Tulzer A, Tulzer G, Yap CH. "Pre-Interventional Myocardial Stress is a Good Predictor of Aortic Valvuloplasty Outcome for Fetal Critical Aortic Stenosis and Evolving HLHS." J Physiol. [accepted Jan 2024] 6. Cairelli AG, Gendernalik A, Chan WX, Nguyen P, Vermot J, Lee J, Bark D, Yap CH. "Role of Tissue biomechanics in the Formation and Function of Myocardial Trabeculae in Zebrafish Embryos." J Physiol. [accepted Jan 2024] 7. Dong Y, Xu Y, Lian C, Prak K, Leo HL, Tetley T, Braga V, Emerson M, Ahnstrom J, Yap CH. "A Safe and Efficacious Near Superhydrophobic Hemostat for Reduced Blood Loss and Easy Detachment in Traumatic Wounds." ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2024 Jan; 16(4):2307
	2023 1. Weissmann J, Benoliel YC, Yap CH, Marom G. "A numerical study of a left ventricular expander for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction." Royal Society Open Science 10 (7), 230142 2. Zheng Y, Chan WX, Nielles-Vallespin S, Scott AD, Ferreira PF, Leo HL, Yap CH. "Effects of Myocardial Sheetlet Sliding on Left Ventricular Function." Biomech Model Mechanobiol. 2023 Aug;22(4):1313-1332. 3. Lashkarinia SS, Chan WX, Motakis E, Ho S, Siddiqui HB, Coban M, Sevgin B, Pekkan K, Yap CH. "Myocardial Biomechanics and the Consequent Differentially Expressed Genes of the Left Atrial Chick Embryonic Model of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. " Ann Biomed Eng. 2023 May;51(5):1063-1078 4. Hasan MK, Ahamad MA, Yap CH, Yang G. A survey, review, and future trends of skin lesion segmentation and classification. Comput Biol Med. 2023 Feb 1:106624. 5. Wong HS, Li B, Tulzer A, Tulzer G, Yap CH. "Fluid Mechanical Effects of Fetal Aortic Valvuloplasty for Cases of Critical Aortic Stenosis with Evolving Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome." Ann Biomed Eng. 2023; 51(7): 1485-1498 6. Ren M, Chan WX, Green L, Armstrong A, Tulzer A, Tulzer G, Buist ML, Yap CH. "Contribution of Ventricular Motion and Sampling Location to Discrepancies in 2D versus 3D Fetal Ventricular Strain Measures." J Am Soc Echococardiogr. 2023 Jan 6; S0894-7317 7. Lashkarinia SS, Coban G, Siddiqui HB, Yap CH, Pekkan K. "Embryonic aortic arch material properties obtained by optical coherence tomography-guided micropipette aspiration." J Biomech. 2023 Jan 1; 146:111392. 8. Tan JKS, Chen ESA, Dong Y, Fang H, Koh CY, Kini RM, Kim S, Leo HL, Yap CH. "Antithrombotic and Flow Drag-Reducing Material for Blood-Contacting Medical Devices." Advanced Materials Interfaces. 2023 Apr;10(10):2202270. 9. Green L, Chan WX, Ren M, Mattar CNZ, Lee LC, Yap CH. "The Dependency of Fetal Left Ventricular Biomechanical Function on Myocardium Helix Angle Configuration." Biomech Model Mechanobiol. 2023 Apr;22(2):629-43.
	2022 1. Zheng Y, Chan WX, Charles CJ, Richards AM, Lee LC, Leo HL, Yap CH. "Morphological, Functional, and Biomechanical Progression of LV Remodelling in a Porcine Model of HFpEF." J Biomech. 2022 Nov 1;144:111348 2. Weissmann J, Charles CJ, Richards AM, Yap CH, Marom G. "Material property alterations for HFpEF phenotypes: A numerical study of subject-specific porcine models." Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022 Oct 14;10:1032034. 3. Ren M, Ong C, Buist ML, Yap CH. "Biventricular Biaxial Mechanical Testing and Constitutive Modelling of Fetal Porcine Myocardium Passive Stiffness." J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2022 Oct 1;134:105383. 4. Wong HS, Wiputra H, Tulzer A, Tulzer G, Yap CH. "Fluid Mechanics of Fetal Left Ventricle During Aortic Stenosis with Evolving Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome." Ann Biomed Eng. 2022 Sep;50(9):1158-72. 5. Zheng Y, Chan WX, Charles CJ, Richards AM, Sampath S, Ali AAB, Leo HL and Yap CH. "Effects of Hypertrophic and Dilated Cardiac Geometric Remodeling on Ejection Fraction" Frontiers in Physiology. 2022:1068 6. Cairelli AG, Chow RW, Vermot J, Yap CH. "Fluid Mechanics of the Zebrafish Embryonic Heart Trabeculation." PloS Comput Biol. 2022 Jun 6;18(6):e1010142 7. Weissmann J, Charles CJ, Richards AM, Yap CH, Marom G. "Cardiac Mesh Morphing method for Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction." J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2022 Feb 1;126:104937 8. Chow RW, Fukui H, Chan WX, Tan KSJ, Roth S, Duchemin A, Messaddeq N, Nakajima J, Liu F, Faggianelli-Conrozier N, Klymchenko AS, Yap CH, Mochizuki N, Vermot J. "Cardiac Forces Regulate Zebrafish Heart Valve Delamination by Modulating Nfat Signaling." PLoS Biology. 20 (1), e3001505
	2021 1. Li Y, Niu F, Zhao X, Yap CH, Li Z. "Nonwetting Nanostructured Hemostatic Material for Bleeding Control with Minimal Adhesion." Adv Mater Interfaces. 2021 Dec;8(23):2101412. 2. Fukui H, Chow RW, Xie J, Foo YY, Yap CH, Minc N, Mochizuki N, Vermot J. "Bioelectric Signaling and the Control of Cardiac Cell Identity in Response to Mechanical Forces." Science. 2021 Oct 15;274(6565):351-354. 3. Chan WX, Zheng Y, Wiputra H, Leo HL, Yap CH. "Full Cardiac Cycle Asynchronous Temporal Compounding of 3D Echocardiography Images." Med Image Anal. 2021 Dec; 74:102229. 4. Saw SN, Dai Y, Yap CH. "A Review of Biomechanics Analysis of the Umbilical-Placenta System with Regards to Diseases." Frontiers in Physiology. 2021 Aug 12;12:587635. 5. Marlena J, Tan JKS, Lin Z, Li DX, Zhao B, Leo HL, Kim S, Yap CH. "Monolithic Polymeric Porous Superhydrophobic Material with Pneumatic Plastron Stabilization for Functionally Durable Drag Reduction in Blood-Contacting Biomedical Applications." NPG Asia Mater. 2021 Aug 13;13(1):1-2. 6. Foo YY, Motakis E, Tiang Z, Shen S, Lai JKH, Chan WX, Chen N, Wiputra H, Chen CK, Winkler C, Foo RSY, Yap CH. "Effects of Extended Pharmacological Disruption of Zebrafish Embryonic Heart Biomechanical Environment on Cardiac Function, Morphology and Gene Expression." Dev Dyn. 2021 Dec;250(12):1759-77 7. Chng KZ, Tan JKS, Park S, Lim J, Chua DXW, Le Q, Fang J, Ouyang J, Yap CH, Tien SL, Leo HL, Kim SH. "Rapid One-Step in situ Synthesis of Carbon Nanoparticles with Cellulosic Paper for Biosensing." Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2021 Jul 15;339:129849. 8. Ho S., Chan WX, Yap CH. "Fluid Mechanics of the Left Atrial Ligation Chick Embryonic Model of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome." Biomech Model Mechanobiol. 2021 Aug;20(4):1337-51. 9. Wiputra H, Lim M, Yap CH. "A Transition Point for the Blood Flow Wall Shear Stress Environment in the Human Fetal Left Ventricle during Early Gestation." J Biomech. 2021 Mar 3:110353. 10. Jalil RA, Chen CK, Yap CH, and Mattar CNZ. "Mending a Broken Heart: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Models of Congenital Heart Disease." Disease Models & Mechanisms. 2021 Mar 1;14(3):dmm047522. 11. Saw SN, Biswas A, Mattar CNZ, Lee HK, Yap CH. "Machine Learning Improves Early Prediction of Small-for-Gestational-Age Births and Reveals Nuchal Fold Thickness as Unexpected Predictor." Prenat Diagn.  2021 Mar;41(4):505-16. 12. Bauman L, Wen Q, Sameoto D, Yap CH, Zhao B. "Durable Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Grafted PDMS Micropillared Surfaces for Temperature-modulated Wetting." Colloid Surface A. 2021 Feb 5;610:125901. 13. Dai Y, Zhao D, Chen CK, Yap CH. "Echocardiographic Assessment of Fetal Cardiac Function in the Uterine Artery Ligation Rat Model of IUGR." Pediatr Res. 2021 Jan 27:1-8. 14. Ong CW, Ren M, Wiputra H, Mojumder J, Chan WX, Tulzer A, Tulzer G, Buist ML, Mattar CNZ, Lee LC, Yap CH. "Biomechanics of Human Fetal Hearts with Critical Aortic Stenosis." Ann Biomed Eng. 2021 May;49(5):1364-79. 15. Liu B, Zhao X, Wang Q, Niu X, Chan WX, Wiputra H, Yap CH. "A Denoising and Enhancing Method Framework for 4D Ultrasound Images of Human Fetal Heart." Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2021 Apr;11(4):1567
	2020 1. Wiputra H, Chan WX, Foo YY, Ho S, Yap CH. "Cardiac Motion Estimation from Medical Images: Regularisation Framework Applied on Pairwise Image Registration Displacement Fields." Scientific Reports. 2020 Oct 28; 10(1):1-4 2. Zebhi B, Wiputra H, Howley L, Cuneo B, Park D, Hoffman H, Gilbert L, Yap CH, Bark D. "Right Ventricle in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Exhibits Altered Hemodynamics in the Human Fetus." J Biomech. 2020 Sep 6; 112:110035 3. Foo YY, Pant S, Tay S, Imangali N, Chen NG, Winkler C, Yap CH. "4D modelling of fluid mechanics 1 in the zebrafish embryonic heart." Biomech Model Mechanobiol.  2020 Feb;19(1):221-32.
	2019 1. Li Z, Milionis A, Zheng Y, Yee MX, Codispoti L, Tan FYH, Poulikakos D, Yap CH. "Superhydrophobic Hemostatic Nanofiber Composites for Fast Clotting and Minimal Adhesion." Nature Communications. 2019 Dec 5;10(1):1-1. 2. Ho S, Chan WX, Nhan PT, Yap CH. "Organ Dynamics and Hemodynamics of the Whole HH25 Avian Embryonic Heart, Revealed by Ultrsound Biomicroscopy, Bounday Tracking, and Flow Simulations." Scientific Reports. 2019 Dec 2;9(1):1-4. 3. Vasudevan V, Wiputra H, Yap CH. "Torsional Motion of the Left Ventricle Does not Affect Ventricular Fluid Dynamics of both Foetal and Adult Hearts." J Biomech. 2019 Nov 11;96:109357. 4. Tun W, Yap CH, SN Saw, James J, and Clark A. "Differences in placental capillary shear stress in fetal growth restriction may affect endothelial cell function and vascular network formation." Scientific Reports. 2019 Jul 8;9(1):1-10. 5. Li Z, Marlena J, Pranantyo D, Nguyen BL, Yap CH. "Porous Superhydrophobic Surface with Active Air Plastron Control for Drag Reduction and Fluid Impalement Resistance." J Mater Chem A. 2019;7:16387-16396 6. Vasudevan V, Low AJJ, Annamalai SP, Sampath S, Chin CL, Ali AAB, Yap CH. "Role of Diastolic Vortices in Flow and Energy Dynamics during Systolic Ejection." J Biomech. 2019 Jun 11;90:50-7. 7. Ho S, Chan WX, Rajesh S, Phan-Thien N, Yap CH. "Fluid Dynamics and Forces in the HH25 Avian Embryonic Outflow Tract." Biomech Model Mechanobiol. 2019 Aug;18(4):1123-37
	2018 1. Saw SN, Tay JJH, Poh YW, Yang L, Tan WC, Tan LK, Clark A, Biswas A, Mattar CNZ, Yap CH. "Altered Placental Chorionic Arterial Biomechanical Properties During Intrauterine Growth Restriction." Scientific Reports. 2018 Nov 8;8(1):16526. 2. Ang BT, Yap CH, Lee WS, Xue JM. "Bioinspired Dual-Tier Coalescence for Water Collection Efficiency Enhancement." Langmuir. 2018 Oct 17;34(44):13409-15. 3. Wiputra H, Chen CK, Talbi E, Lim GL, Soomar SM, Biswas A, Mattar CNZ, Bark D, Leo HL, Yap CH. "Human Fetal Hearts with Tetralogy of Fallot have Altered Fluid Dynamics and Forces." Am J Physiol Heart and Circ Physiol. 2018 Sep 14;315(6):H1649-59. 4. Li Z, Nguyen BL, Cheng YC, Xue JM, MacLaren G, Yap CH. "Durable, Flexible, Superhydrophobic and Blood-Repelling Surface for Use in Medical Blood Pumps." J. Mater. Chem. B. 2018;6(39):6225-33. 5. Wang YX, Li Z, Qin L, Caddy G, Yap CH and Zhu J. "Dielectric Elastomer Fluid Pump of High Pressure and Large Volume Via Synergistic Snap-Through." J. Appl. Mech. 2018 Oct 1; 85(10):101003 6. Saw SN, Poh YW, Chia DAK, Biswas A, Mattar CNZ, Yap CH. "Characterization of the Hemodynamic Wall Shear Stresses in Human Umbilical Vessels from Normal and Intrauterine Growth Restricted Pregnancies." Biomech Model Mechanobiol. 2018 Aug;17(4):1107-1117 7. Ong CW, Yap CH, Kabinejadian F, Nguyen YN, Cui FS, Chua KJ, Ho P, Leo HL. "Association of hemodynamic behaviour to the intraluminal thrombus prediction: a two-way fluid structure coupling investigation." Int. J. Appl. Mechanics. 2018;10(4):1850035 8. Saw SN, Low JYR, Ong MHH, Poh YW, Mattar CNZ, Biswas A, Yap CH. "Hyperelastic Mechanical Properties of Ex Vivo Normal and Intrauterine Growth Restricted Placenta." Ann Biomed Engr. 2018 Jul 1;46(7):1066-77 9. Saw SN, Low JYR, Mattar CNZ, Biswas A, Chen L, Yap CH. "Motorizing and Optimizing Ultrasound Strain Elastography for Detecting Intrauterine Growth Restriction Pregnancies." Ultrasound Med. Biol. 2018 Mar 1;44(3):532-43
	2017 1. Li Z, Zhu J, Foo KCC, Yap CH. "A Novel and Robust Dual-Membrane Dielectric Elastomer Actuator for Large Volume Fluid Pumping via Snap-through." Appl. Phys. Lett. 2017 Nov 20;111(21):212901. 2. Li Z, Wang Y, Foo KCC, Godaba H, Zhu J, Yap CH. "The Mechanism for Large-Volume Fluid Pumping via Reversible Snap-Through of Dielectric Elastomer." J Appl Phys. 2017 Aug 28;122(8):084503 3. Wiputra H, Lim GL, Chu KC, R Nivetha, Soomar SM, Biswas A, Mattar CNZ, Leo HL, Yap CH. "Peristaltic-Like Motion of the Human Fetal Right Ventricle and its Effects on Fluid Dynamics and Energy Dynamics." Ann Biomed Engr. 2017 Oct 1;45(10):2335-47. 4. Ho S, Tan GXY, Foo TJ, Phan-Thien N, Yap CH. "Organ Dynamics and Fluid Dynamics of the HH25 Chick Embryonic Cardiac Ventricle as Revealed by a Novel 4D High-Frequency Ultrasound Imaging Technique and Computational Flow Simulations." Ann Biomed Engr. 2017 Oct 1;45(10):2309-23. 5. Vasudevan V, Low AJJ, Annamalai SP, Sampath S, Poh KK, Totman T, Mazlan M, Croft G, Richards AM, de Kleihn DPV, Chin CL, Yap CH. "Flow Dynamics and Energy Efficiency of Flow in the Left Ventricle during Myocardial Infarction." Biomech Model Mechanobiol. 2017 Oct 1;16(5):1503-17. 6. Ho S, Banerjee H, Foo YY, Godaba H, Aye WMM, Zhu J, Yap CH. "Experimental Characterization of a Dielectric Elastomer Fluid pump and Optimizing Performance via Composite Materials." J Intell Mater Syst Struct. 2017 Dec;28(20):3054-65. 7. Jamil M, Ahmad O, Poh KK, Yap CH. "Feasibility of Ultrasound-Based Computational Fluid Dynamics as a Mitral Valve Regurgitation Quantification Technique, Comparison with 2D PISA and 3D PISA." Ultrasound Med Biol. 2017 Jul 31;43(7):1314-30. 8. Saw SN, Chia DAK, Biswas A, Mattar CNZ, Yap CH. "Characterization of the In Vivo Shear Stress Environment of Human Fetus Umbilical Arteries and Veins." Biomech Model Mechanobiol. 2017 Feb;16(1):197-211 9. Ko GZY, Mehta K, Jamil M, Yap CH, Chen NG. "A method to study the hemodynamics of chicken embryo's aortic arches using optical coherence tomography." J Biophotonics. 2017 Mar 1;10(3):353-9. 10. Yap CH, Lai CQ, Loh IGH, Ong TZR. "Non-Linear Flow Rate Response to Pumping Frequency and Reduced Hemolysis in the Drastically Under-Occluded Pulsatile Roller Pump." Artif Organs. 2017; 41 (2), 178-185
	2016 1. Park DW, Sebastiani A, Yap CH, Simon MA, Kim K. "Quantification of Coupled Stiffness and Fiber Orientation Remodeling in Hypertensive Rat Right-ventricular Myocardium Using 3D Ultrasound Speckle Tracking with Biaxial Testing." Plos One. 2016 Oct 25;11(10):e0165320 2. Wiputra H, Lai CQ, Lim GL, Heng JJW, Guo L, Soomar SM, Leo HL, Biswas A, Mattar CNZ, Yap CH. "Fluid Mechanics of Human Fetal Right Ventricles from Image-Based Computational Fluid Dynamics Using 3D Clinical Ultrasound Scans." Am J Physiol Heart and Circ Physiol. 2016 Dec 1;311(6):H1498-508. 3. Lai CQ, Chia JWS, Chua WWC, Yap CH. "Near-Superhydrophobic Surface Reduces Hemolysis of Blood Flow in Tubes." RSC Advances. 2016; 6(67):62451-9 4. Jamil M, Tan GXY, Huq M, Kang H, Lee ZR, Tang PH, Hu XH, Yap CH. "Changes to the Geometry and Fluid Mechanics of the Carotid Sihpon in the Pediatric Moyamoya Disease." Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin. 2016; 19(16):1760-71 5. Wiputra H, Lim GL, Chia DAK, Mattar CNZ, Biswas A, Yap CH. "Methods for Fluid Dynamics Simulations of Human Fetal Cardiac Chambers Based on Patient-Specific 4D Ultrasound Scans." JBSE. 2016; 11(2): 15-00608 6. Lau JSF, Saw SN, Buist ML, Biswas A, Mattar CNZ, Yap CH. "Mechanical Testing and Non-Linear Viscoelastic Modelling of Human Placenta in Normal and Growth Restriction Pregnancies." J Biomech. 2016; 49 (2): 173-184. 7. Lai CQ, Lim GL, Jamil M, Mattar CNZ, Biswas A, Yap CH. "Fluid Mechanics of Blood Flow in Human Fetal Left Ventricles based on Patient-Specific 4D Ultrasound Scans." Biomech Model Mechanobiol. 2016; 15(5):1159-72.
	2015 1. Tan GXY, Jamil M, Tee NGZ, Zhong L, Yap CH. "3D Reconstruction of Chick Embryo Vascular Geometry Using Non-Invasive High-Frequency Ultrasound for Computational Fluid Dynamics." Ann Biomed Engr. 2015; 43(11): 2780-2793. 2. Yap CH, Park D, Dutta D, Simon M, Kim K. "Methods for Using 3D Ultrasound Speckle Tracking in Biaxial Mechanical Testing of Biological Tissue Samples." Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015, 41 (4), 1029-1042.
	2014 1. Yap CH, Liu X, Pekkan K. "Characterization of the Vessel Geometry, Flow Mechanics and Wall Shear Stresses in the Great Arteries of Wildtype Prenatal Mouse." Plos One, 2014, 27;9(1):e86878
	2010-2013 1. Yap CH, Thiele K, Wei Q, Santhanakrishnan A, Khiabani R, Cardinale M, Salgo I, Yoganathan AP. "Novel Method of Measuring Valvular Regurgitation Using Three-Dimensional Non-Linear Curve Fitting of Doppler Signals Within the Flow Convergence Zone." IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2013 Apr; 60(7):1295-1311. 2. Saikrishnan N, Yap CH, Stamatios L, Kimar G, Yoganathan AP. "Revisiting the Gorlin equation for aortic stenosis — is it correctly used in clinical practice?" Int J Cardiol. 2013 Oct 3;168(3):2881-3 3. Yap CH, Saikrishnan N, Tamilselvan G, Vasilyev N, Yoganathan AP. "The Congenital Bicuspid Aortic Valve Can Experience High Frequency Unsteady Shear Stresses on Its Leaflet Surface." Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2012 Sept;303(6):H721-H731. 4. Saikrishnan N, Yap CH, Milligan NC, Vasilyev NV, Yoganathan AP. "In Vitro Characterization of Bicuspid Aortic Valve Hemodynamics Using Particle Image Velocimetry." Ann Biomed Eng. 2012 Aug;40(8):1760-75 5. Balachandran K, Hussain S, Yap CH, Padala M, Chester AH, Yoganathan AP. "Elevated Cyclic Stretch and Serotonin Result in Altered Aortic Valve Remodeling via a Mechanosensitive 5-HT(2A) Receptor-Dependent Pathway." Cardiovasc Pathol. 2012 May-Jun;21(3):206-13 6. Thayer P, Balachandran K, Rathan S, Arjunon S, Yap CH, Jo H, Yoganathan AP. "The Effect of Combined Cyclic Stretch and Pressure on the Aortic Valve Interstitial Cell Phenotype." Ann Biomed Eng. 2011 June; 39(6):1654-67. 7. Weiler M, Yap CH, Balachandran K, Padala M, Yoganathan AP. "Regional Variation of Dynamic Deformation Characteristics of Native Aortic Valve Leaflets." J Biomech. 2011 May 17; 44(8):1459-65. 8. Spinner EM, Buice D, Yap CH, Yoganathan AP. "The Effects of a Three-Dimensional, Saddle-Shaped Annulus on Anterior and Posterior Leaflet Stretch and Regurgitation of the Tricuspid Valve." Ann Biomed Eng. 2012 May;40(5):996-1005. 9. Yap CH, Tamiselvan G, Saikrishnan N, Yoganathan AP. "Experimental Measurement of Dynamic Fluid Shear Stress on the Aortic Surface of the Aortic Valve Leaflet." Biomech Model Mechanobiol. 2012 Jan;11(1-2)171-82. 10. Yap CH, Saikrishnan N, Yoganathan AP. "Experimental Measurement of Dynamic Fluid Shear Stress on the Ventricular Surface of the Aortic Valve Leaflet." Biomech Model Mechanobiol. 2012 Jan;11(1-2):231-44. 11. Yap CH, Tamiselvan G, Saikrishnan N, Yoganathan AP. "Experimental Technique of Measuring Dynamic Fluid Shear Stress on the Aortic Surface of the Aortic Valve Leaflet." J Biomech Eng. 2011 Jun; 133(6):061007 12. Yap CH, Kim HS, Balachandran K, Weiler M, Haj-Ali R, Yoganathan A.P. "Dynamic Deformation Characteristics of Porcine Aortic Valve Leaflets under Normal and Hypertensive Conditions." Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010 Feb;298(2):H395-405. 13. Yap CH, Dasi LP, Yoganathan AP. "Dynamic Hemodynamic Energy Loss in Normal and Stenosed Aortic Valves." J Biomech Eng. 2010 Feb;132(2):021005
	Book Chapters: 1. Yoganathan AP, Yap CH. "Fluid Dynamics of Prosthetic Valves", in Practice of Clinical Echocardiography, 4th edition, 2012, Otto C.M. (Ed), Saunders Elsevier. 2. Yap CH, Spinner EM, Padala SM, Yoganathan AP. "Heart Valve Dynamics", in Biomedical Engineering Handbook, 4th Edition, 2013, Bronzino J.D. and Peterson D.R. (Eds.)., CRC Press.